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Европейский стандарт устанавливает требования к конструкции, материалам, изготовлению и испытаниям сосудов и элементов сосудов, работающих под давлением, предназначенных к использованию при максимальном допустимом давлении PS, меньшем либо равном 100 бар, и толщинах стенки оболочки не более 60 мм, которые изготовлены из ферритного или аустенитного чугуна с шаровидным графитом. Ограничение толщины оболочки не относится к толщине фланцев, элементов жесткости, бобышек и т. д.

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Оглавление

Введение

Приложение Д.А (справочное) Перевод европейского стандарта EN 13445-6:2009 на русский язык

     1 Область применения

     2 Нормативные ссылки

     3 Термины, определения, единицы и символы

     4 Условия эксплуатации

     5 Требования

     6 Испытания материала

     7 Контроль и окончательная оценка

     8 Сосуды, работающие под давлением, содержащие части, изготовленные из различных материалов

     9 Маркировка и документация

     Приложение A (обязательное) Технические данные для проектных расчетов

     Приложение B (справочное) Пластичность

     Приложение C (справочное) Определение минимальной местной толщины стенки и минимального требуемого давления испытаний на разрыв

     Приложение D (обязательное) Оценка усталостной долговечности

     Приложение E (обязательное) Проектирование путем расчетов для отливок

     Приложение F (справочное) Рекомендации по проверкам и контролю в процессе эксплуатации

     Приложение G (обязательное) Особые требования к проектированию

     Приложение H (обязательное) Экспериментальная процедура циклических испытаний давлением

     Приложение Y (справочное) Отличия между EN 13445-6:2002 и EN 13445-6:2009

     Приложение ZA (справочное) Взаимосвязь между настоящим европейским стандартом и существенными требованиями Директивы ЕС 97/23/ЕС по оборудованию, работающему под давлением

     Библиография

 
Дата введения01.01.2010
Добавлен в базу01.01.2019
Актуализация01.01.2021

Организации:

27.11.2009УтвержденГосстандарт Республики Беларусь61
РазработанБелГИСС
ИзданБелГИСС2010 г.

Unfired pressure vessels. Part 6. Requirements for the design and fabrication of pressure vessels and pressure parts constructed from spheroidal graphite cast iron

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СТБ EN 13445-6-2009

ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ СТАНДАРТ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ

СОСУДЫ, РАБОТАЮЩИЕ ПОД ДАВЛЕНИЕМ

Часть 6

Требования к конструкции и изготовлению сосудов и элементов сосудов, работающих под давлением, из чугуна с шаровидным графитом

ПАСУД31НЫ, ПРАЦУЮЧЫЯ ПАД Ц1СКАМ

Частка 6

Патрабаванш да канструкцьм i вырабу пасудзш i элементау пасудзш, працуючых лад щекам, з чыгуну з шарападобным графтам

(EN 13445-6:2009, ЮТ)

Издание официальное

Г осстандарт Минск

(SB

СТБ EN 13445-6-2009

УДК 621.642-98-034.13(083.74)(476)    МКС 23.020.30 КП 03    ЮТ

Ключевые слова: сосуды, работающие под давлением, элементы сосудов, требования к конструкции

Предисловие

Цели, основные принципы, положения по государственному регулированию и управлению в области технического нормирования и стандартизации установлены Законом Республики Беларусь «О техническом нормировании и стандартизации».

1    ПОДГОТОВЛЕН ПО УСКОРЕННОЙ ПРОЦЕДУРЕ научно-производственным республиканским унитарным предприятием «Белорусский государственный институт стандартизации и сертификации» (БелГИСС)

ВНЕСЕН Госстандартом Республики Беларусь

2    УТВЕРЖДЕН И ВВЕДЕН В ДЕЙСТВИЕ постановлением Госстандарта Республики Беларусь от 27 ноября 2009 г. № 61

3    Настоящий стандарт идентичен европейскому стандарту EN 13445-6:2009 Unfired pressure vessels - Part 6: Requirements for the design and fabrication of pressure vessels and pressure parts constructed from spheroidal graphite cast iron (Сосуды, работающие под давлением. Часть 6. Требования к конструкции и изготовлению элементов сосудов, работающих под давлением, из чугуна с шаровидным графитом).

Европейский стандарт разработан техническим комитетом по стандартизации CEN/TC 54 «Сосуды, работающие под давлением» Европейского комитета по стандартизации (CEN).

Перевод с английского языка (еп).

Официальные экземпляры европейского стандарта, на основе которого подготовлен настоящий государственный стандарт, и европейских стандартов, на которые даны ссылки, имеются в Национальном фонде ТИПА.

Степень соответствия - идентичная (ЮТ)

4    ВВЕДЕН ВПЕРВЫЕ

© Госстандарт, 2010

Настоящий стандарт не может быть воспроизведен, тиражирован и распространен в качестве официального издания без разрешения Госстандарта Республики Беларусь

Издан на русском языке

СТБ EN 13445-6-2009

Material grades EN-GJS-350-22-LT or EN-GJS-350-22U-LT can be used at design temperatures down to - 60 °C. When used between (-40 ± 2) °C and (-60 ± 2) °C, impact testing at the minimum design temperature shall be:

—    mean value from 3 tests 12 J for eact < 60 mm;

—    10 J for 60 mm < e < 200 mm;

act    ’

—    individual vaiue 9 J for eact < 60 mm and 7 J for 60 mm < eact < 200 mm.

The applicable requirements for the delivery conditions given in EN 1559-1:1997 and EN 1559-3:1997 shall also apply.

NOTE The use of materials working in the creep domain is not applicable to this standard since stress ranges are limited to elastic behaviour.

5.2 Design

5.2.1    Technical documentation

The manufacturer shall document those items listed in Clause 5 of EN 13445-5:2009 prior to fabrication.

5.2.2    Design methods

5.2.2.1.1    Principle

The loadings to be accounted for shall be in accordance with EN 13445-3:2009, Clause 5.

The service conditions of Clause 4 shall be accounted for.

Design methods shall be in accordance with this European Standard and, when applicable, with the relevant clauses of EN 13445-3:2009.

If the geometry of the component or the loading case do not allow calculation by the formulas given in EN 13445-3:2009 and Annex G, design by analysis (DBA) (see Annex E) or design by experiment (DBE) shall be applied.

Depending on the complexity of the component, the loading conditions and the level of NDT testing, the designer may choose one of the following available design methods mentioned below. Guidance is given on the correlation between safety factor, testing factor and the method to assess dynamic loading (see Table 5.2-1).

5.2.2.1.2    Static loading

In order to design the part for static loading, the following options can be considered by the designer.

5.2.2.1.3    Design by formula (DBF)

Equations for the calculation of the various components of the pressure part are given in EN 13445-3:2009 and Annex G. Annex G gives additional equations for non-standard shaped parts often used in casting design.

8

СТБ EN 13445-6-2009

5.2.2.1.4    Design by analysis (DBA)

The following applies:

1)    decide whether the direct route (limit load - EN 13445-3:2009, Annex B) or the stress categorisation method (EN 13445-3:2009, Annex C) will be followed. Decide whether linear or non-linear approach will be used;

2)    base modelling and interpretation of calculation results shall be based on analysis thicknesses (ea) and material characteristics at operation temperature;

3)    for interpretation of calculation results, follow the evaluation procedures and assessment criteria in order to evaluate the fitness for purpose of the real structure. These design checks and related procedures are typical for the failure mode to be dealt with. For the different failure modes see EN 13445-3:2009.

5.2.2.1.5    Design by experiment (DBE)

Where design by equations according to EN 13445-3:2009 is not considered appropriate due to complex shape of

the component, then a hydraulic burst test to determine the analysis thickness ea and the minimum thickness emin

shall be performed according to the procedure in 5.2.2.1.6. This test is also a part of the technical documentation.

This design method may be used without additional calculations if Pd ■ V < 6000 bar-L.

If Pd ■ V> 6000 bar-L for the complete vessel, this method can be used in addition to DBA or DBF.

The minimum required thickness at a specific location is given by:

(5-1)

(5-2)

'    S-PS-Rm{ з)

,2-свтеу

where

®act.

Rp0,2

Pb.act

is the minimum measured wall thickness at the specific location; is in accordance with Annex A;

П = 1

is the actual obtained value of burst pressure or the highest pressure during the test;

П = 2 5.2.2.1.6

for curved surfaces (cylinders, spheres) or cones with angles a < 60°, stayed surfaces and stressed parts if bending stress is less than 2/3 of the total stress;

for all other surfaces.

loading

A random sample from the production of the vessel or vessel part shall be taken for the burst test or to determine the maximum allowable working conditions. The procedure shall be as follows:


Determination of the hydraulic burst pressure and maximum allowable pressure for static

9

СТБ EN 13445-6-2009


1)    verify that the part or vessel to be tested is cast according to the specified drawing and any revision thereof. The material used shall be the same type and grade as for the production part;

2)    verify that the part or vessel is machined to the same dimensions as the production part;

3)    verify that the material properties meet the requirements of 5.1. For each casting used for the burst    test,    3

test pieces for tensile testing, and, if applicable, for impact testing, shall be separately cast and tested. The results and the calculated average tensile strength shall be certified in accordance with 6.5;

4)    the wall thicknesses of the entire casting shall be measured (at least one measurement    per

100 mm x 100 mm). The results shall be marked on the casting at the location of the measurement or on the drawing;

5)    verify that a calibrated pressure gauge is used; maximum tolerance shall conform to at least class 1 or better according to EN 837-1 and EN 837-3. The scale of the pressure gauge shall be approximately 4/3 of the anticipated burst pressure;

6)    the pressure shall be increased in a controlled manner until the minimum required burst pressure is obtained:


>PS-


^m(3)

~r


(5-3)


The pressure shall be increased further in a controlled manner until rupture occurs. Record burst pressure Pb act, test date, material specification, details of material, part number, and wall thickness eact measured at burst location. A relation with the actual burst pressure Pbact, which can be higher than Pb on account of a better stress distribution, and the maximum allowable pressure PS, can be deducted according the converted Equation 5-3, replacing Pb by Pbact


PS<Pb, act


/

-^т(З)


(5-4)


7)    if a part fails to meet any of those requirements, a second identical production part may undergo the same test procedure. If this second part meets the test requirements, this part may be accepted after investigation of the cause of failure of the first part. If the second part does not meet the test requirements, the design of the part shall be deemed not to conform to the specification;

8)    during the burst test, it is acceptable for leaks and lack of pressure tightness to occur between flanged, gasketted or bolted parts as long as the pressure Рь can be reached during the test. It is acceptable for gasket(s) to break during the burst test; their characteristics may be modified without unduly changing flange load properties as long as their design meets the design rules of EN 13445-3:2009 for the anticipated maximum allowable pressure Ps;

9)    only for the test, bolts of higher mechanical strength than required by the design specification may be accepted;


10


СТБ EN 13445-6-2009

10)    when flanged connections are designed according to the requirements of EN 13445-3:2009 with respect to minimum required thickness, minimum required bolt area and shape, it is acceptable, in order to reach burst test pressure, to install extra bolts in addition to the number specified for production;

11)    the rupture under test pressure or any hydraulic test shall not be performed by means of a construction on a hydraulic press that can counteract the free shell bending under pressure.

5.2.2.1.7    Dynamic loading

If the number of full pressure cycles or equivalent full pressure cycles according to Equation (4.1-1) exceeds the number of full pressure cycles for static loading considered in Table 4.1-1, a fatigue assessment of the complete design is required. In order to design the part for dynamic loading, the following options can be considered by the designer.

5.2.2.1.8 Simplified fatigue assessment (SFA)

A simplified fatigue assessment will return a value of maximum allowable number of equivalent pressure fluctuations under service conditions. The assessment shall be performed according to Annex D. A maximum stress factor of 3 is pre-supposed, unless for construction details as limited in Table D.1 A where equal or lower values than 3 may be used.

NOTE This Table D.1A may also be used for other metallic castings than spheroidal graphite cast iron (e.g. cast steel, cast aluminium and so on).

5.2.2.1.9 Detailed fatigue assessment (DFA)

using detailed stress analysis in service conditions. The assessment shall be performed according to Annex D.

5.2.2.1.10 Experimental fatigue assessment (EFA)

This method, as described in Annex H, shall be used if a theoretical stress analysis is inadequate or for which the design analysis shows abnormal low fatigue life values indicating a too conservative approach by theory.

An evaluation of a part by experimental fatigue design is not required when a similar part underwent already such a fatigue assessment and the data are available and transposable into the new design.

Cyclic loading shall be in accordance with EN 13445-3:2009, subclause 5.3.

This method does not take into account excessive wall thickness of the material, linings and all material, which does not contribute to strength.

NOTE For vessels for which ■ V > 6000 bar-L this experimental method may be used in addition to detailed fatigue design

11

СТБ EN 13445-6-2009


Table 5.2-1 — Determination of safety factor, testing factor and design method

Non destructive testing

Safety factor S

Testing factor Cq

Design method Static loading

Design assessment dynamic loading

Not required

3,0

0,8

DBF

DBA

DBE

SFA

DFA

EFA

Required

2,0

0,9

(SFA) a

DFA

EFA

NOTE:    DBF    =    design by formula

DBA = design by analysis DBE = design by experiment SFA = simplified fatigue analysis DFA = detailed fatigue analysis EFA = experimental fatigue analysis


a not recommended


5.2.2.2 Design conditions

The design stress for ferritic and for austenitic grades shall be calculated as follows:

li :■(' -C (\

J    s

where

0,2 % proof strength at calculation temperature:

^pO,2/T    ' ^p(12

The temperature reduction factor CT is: for ferritic grades


(5.2-1)


(5.2-2)


II

for T <20 °C

CT= 1 -0,001 [T — 20)

for 20 °C <T< 200 °C

Cj= 0,82

for 200 °C < T< 300 °C

and for austenitic grades

II

Cj

for Г <20 °C

Cj = 1 -0,000 5 (T-20)

for 20 °C < T< 540 °C

Wall thickness reduction factor:

Ce =1

for emin < 60 mm


(5.2-3)

(5.2-4)

(5.2-5)

(5.2-6)

(5.2-7)

(5.2-8)


12


СТБ EN 13445-6-2009

Се = 0,8    for    60    <    emin    <    200    mm    (5.2-9)

5.2.2.3 Testing conditions

■Ca


' pO,2/Ttest


(5.2-10)


1,33


The test pressure may exceed the value given in equation 7.2-1 either intentionally or occasionally. However, the nominal design stress for testing conditions, /test shall not exceed the 0,2 % proof strength Rv02/Tl t corrected with the factor Ce at test temperature divided by the safety factor 1,33.

5.2.2.4    Reinforcement of openings in cylinders, flat ends, dished ends, cones, etc.

Reinforcement of openings in cylinders, flat ends, dished ends, cones, etc. shall be determined in accordance with EN 13445-3:2009. When reinforcement is calculated with the area replacing method, the reinforcing length along the vessel wall considered shall be < 2emjn to calculate the additional reinforcing area.

5.2.2.5    Design for external pressure

Design for external pressure shall be carried out according to EN 13445-3:2009, clause 8, where:

f = Rp0.2iT-CQ-Ce    (5.2-11)

and

S'= 3,5    (5.2-12)

5.2.2.6 Fillet radius

The largest possible fillet radius shall be used for walls under internal or external pressure in accordance with good foundry practice (fabrication tolerances are to be taken into account). Good foundry practice makes it sometimes necessary to increase wall thickness and to choose a corresponding fillet radius. Parts cast according to this European Standard therefore exhibit enhanced fatigue properties. It is important to verify that local stresses never exceed the maximum permissible values, especially at changes in section thickness or at change in radii.

If it is not possible, for any reason, to avoid sudden changes in cross-section area, and the pressure bearing wall is subject to cyclic loading, a taper of maximum ratio 1:3 from the thin wall to the thick wall shall be included.

All radii applied to a vessel part, including external cast lugs, support feet, etc. shall be greater than or equal to 1,5 times the thickness of the thinnest adjacent wall.

If, for any reason, a smaller radius is applied (as cast or after machining), the design verification shall be made by DBA.

13

СТБ EN 13445-6-2009

5.3 Founding

5.3.1    General

The castings shall be free from surface and internal defects that might impair their usability. No excessive residual stress shall be permitted to be built up in the casting that can impair the fracture behaviour or the fatigue life of the casting. This can be achieved by allowing the casting sufficiently long cooling periods in the mould followed by cooling in still air. The casting manufacturer shall document this cooling procedure (required cooling time) in a process or work instruction. If this procedure to avoid excessive residua! stresses cannot be complied with, a stress relieving heat treatment shall be carried out, based on agreement between the parties concerned.

5.3.2    Welding

No production, repair or cosmetic welding shall be carried out on cast iron parts both in ferritic or austenitic grades, which are manufactured according to this European Standard.

6 Material testing

6.1    General

All material tests as required by EN 1563 or EN 13835 shall be performed.

6.2    Frequency and number of tests

For each batch the amount of testing shall be, on each ladle treated for spheroidization or each heat treatment batch:

—    chemical analysis;

—    one tensile test;

—    one hardness test;

—    impact testing, when required by material specification (consisting of 3 test pieces).

If the spheroidizing treatment is carried out in the mould, the same amount of testing for each 2 500 kg cast weight of identical parts produced during the same day shall be carried out.

For series production of RT grades according to Table 5.1-1, the amount of impact testing can be reduced to one test per day on the ladle with the highest silicon content.

The separately cast or cast-on test pieces shall be chosen according to EN 1563 or EN 13835. The test sample size shall represent the wall thickness of the part (see EN 1563 or EN 13835 for size determination).

NOTE Cast-on test pieces are representative of the castings to which they are attached and their size depends on the relevant wall thickness of the casting.

6.3    Chemical analysis

The methods used to determine the chemical composition of the material shall be in accordance with recognised standards.

For ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron the following elements shall be analysed: C, Si, Mn, P, S and Mg.

СТБ EN 13445-6-2009

For austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron the following elements shall be analysed: C, Si, Mn, P, S, Mg, Cu and Ni.

6.4    Graphite structure

Graphite morphology of the material shall comply with form VI and V in accordance with EN ISO 945. The verification of nodularity shall preferably be carried out either by microscopic examination or by an ultrasonic method. Visual or computerised and/or automated methods are allowed.

When the ultrasonic method is used, the ultrasonic velocity shall be a minimum of 5 460 m/s using a calibrated measuring device. If the velocity is less than 5 460 m/s, the nodularity may still be verified and approved using the microscopic method on the worst test specimen. If the spheroidization is found acceptable, the material is approved. When ultrasonic examination is used, the verification shall be carried out on the last cast metal of each ladle.

6.5    Inspection documents

Inspection documents shall be in accordance with EN 764-5:2002, 4.3.3.

7 Testing and final assessment

7.1 Testing

7 11 Qgngraj

All material tests of cast vessels and vessel parts, manufactured according to this part, shall be in accordance with Table 7.1-1 and Table 7.1-2.

Table 7.1-1 —Summary of testing requirements

Testing factor Cq

Magnetic

particle

inspection

Ultra sonic testing/ radiographic testing

Sectioning

Visual

inspection

Wall

thickness

measure

ment

Initial sample

0,8

-

+

+

+

+

0,9

+

+

+

+

+

0-serie: pre-production

0,8

-

+ (10 %)

-

+

+

0,9

+

+

+ (1 part)

+

+

Serial production

0,8

-

-

-

+

+

0,9

+

-

-

+

+

NOTE + = required, - = not required

7.1.2    Testing requirements for CQ = 0,8

Testing shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements and adopting the acceptance criteria given in Table 7.1-2 for surface imperfections only.

7.1.3    Testing requirements for CQ = 0,9

—    At non critical zones: testing same as for Cq = 0,8 as given in 7.1.2;

—    at critical zones: all castings shall be subjected to a magnetic particle inspection of all critical zones as indicated on the drawing, without revealing any unacceptable imperfection.

15

СТБ EN 13445-6-2009

The last casting representing a batch of castings made from the same ladle or during the same day shall be subjected to a radiographic examination or equivalent (see footnote b in Table 7.1-2) of a zone indicated on the drawing, without revealing any unacceptable imperfections.

Table 7.1-2 — Testing according testing factor

Testing factor

CQ= 0,8

CQ= 0,9

Location

Complete part

Non critical zone

Critical zone

Surface imperfections

Requirement

See 7.1.4

Cracks, laps, cold shot and non-fused chaplets are not permitted. See 7.1.5

Testing method

Visual (both for Cq= 0,8 and Cq= 0,9)

Testing frequency

100%

Imperfections close to the surface

Requirement

No requirement

No requirement

See 7.1.7

Testing method

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Magnetic particle testing for ferritic grades.

Dye penetrant testing for austenitic grades.

Testing frequency

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

100%

Internal imperfections (micro and macro porosity)

Requirement

See 7.1.6 (EN 12680-3, severity level 3)

See 7.1.6 (EN 12680-3, severity level 3)

See 7.1.9

Testing method

Ultrasonic testing/ sectioning

Ultrasonic testing/ sectioning

Radiographic testing b

Testing frequency

Initial samples Random sampling production series a

Initial samples Random sampling production series a

Initial samples Last casting of each batch

a According to agreement between the parties concerned.

b Ultrasonic testing of castings may substitute radiographic testing following an agreement between the parties concerned.

7.1.4 Surface imperfections

Sand inclusions, slag inclusions and blowholes shall be limited as follows.

For CQ = 0,8 and CQ =0,9 - non critical zone:

A maximum of five imperfections in a square 100 mmx 100 mm facing inwards or outwards shall be accepted. None of these shall cover an area larger than 100 mm2 and the total area of the imperfections shall not exceed 200 mm2.

16

СТБ EN 13445-6-2009

The maximum permissible depth of an imperfection is such that the minimum wall thickness is maintained. Grinding of such surface imperfections is permitted down to the minimum wall thickness indicated on the drawing.

CQ = 0,9 - critical zone:

No imperfections are permitted within the critical zone. Grinding of surface imperfections is permitted down to the minimum dimensions as indicated on the drawing, provided no stress concentration occurs.

7.1.5    Cracks, laps, cold shut and non-fused chaplets

No visible cracks, laps, cold shuts or non-fused chaplets are permitted.

In case of doubt about the severity of the imperfection, liquid penetrant inspection according to EN 1371-1:1997 can be necessary.

7.1.6    Ultrasonic testing and/or sectioning

The ultrasonic testing shall be carried out in accordance with EN 12680-3:2003.

If ultrasonic testing is not feasible, sectioning shall be carried out to visually detect internal imperfections.

Imperfections shall not be permitted on the main pressure bearing part (casting section with minimum required wall thickness specified on the drawing). However, micro shrinkage (centreline porosity) is permitted provided that all mechanical properties in the material standard are fulfilled.

NOTE Micro shrinkage is defined as a cavity smaller than 0,5 mm.

On other parts of the casting imperfections which are centrally located and not covering an area of 300 mm2 shall be permitted, provided the minimum distance of the imperfection from the surface is a minimum of 1/3 of the wall thickness or at least 3 mm. Imperfections are not permitted around drilled holes, or where holes are to be drilled, within an area with a diameter of two times the diameter of the hole and concentric with the hole. Only micro shrinkage on the centreline is accepted provided that the required mechanical characteristics of the material standard are fulfilled.

7.1.7    Magnetic particle testing (only for ferritic grades)

The testing shall be carried out in accordance with EN 1369:1996. The maximum severity level shall be equal to or better than SM 3 in Table 2 of EN 1369:1996 and LM4/AM4 in Table 4 of EN 1369:1996.

7.1.8    Penetrant testing

The testing shall be carried out in accordance with EN 1371-1:1997. The maximum severity level shall be equal to or better than SP 02/CP 02 in Table 2 of EN 1371-1:1997 and LP 2/AP 2 in Table 3 of EN 1371-1:1997.

7.1.9    Radiographic testing

The testing shall be carried out in accordance with EN 12681:2003 on a film size at least 100 mm x 240 mm.

The following is not permitted at any size:

—    mottling, inserts, cracks, hot tears;

—    porosity    >    Type    A    Grade    5;

17

СТБ EN 13445-6-2009

Введение

Настоящий стандарт содержит текст европейского стандарта EN 13445-6:2009 на языке оригинала и его перевод на русский язык (справочное приложение Д.А).

Введен в действие как стандарт, на который есть ссылка в Еврокоде EN 1993-1-8:2005.

_ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ    СТАНДАРТ    РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ

СОСУДЫ, РАБОТАЮЩИЕ ПОД ДАВЛЕНИЕМ Часть 6

Требования к конструкции и изготовлению сосудов и элементов сосудов, работающих под давлением, из чугуна с шаровидным графитом

ПАСУД31НЫ, ПРАЦУЮЧЫЯ ПАД Ц1СКАМ Частка 6

Патрабаванш да канструкцьм i вырабу пасудзш i элементау пасудзш, працуючых лад щекам, з чыгуну з шарападобным граф1там

Unfired pressure vessels Part 6

Requirements for the design and fabrication of pressure vessels and pressure parts constructed from spheroidal graphite cast iron

СТБ EN 13445-6-2009

— sand inclusions > Type В Grade 5;

— shrinkage    > Type C Grade 5.

7.1.10    Surface roughness

Casting roughness or surface finish shall be approved by the purchaser on a sample casting. Production castings shall have a surface roughness comparable to the approved sample.

The casting surface roughness shall, when required, be tested and specified according to EN 1370:1996 using visual tactile comparators, or as specified by the manufacturer.

7.1.11    Minimum wall thickness

Castings shall be measured on specified locations in order to verify that the required minimum wall thickness has been reached.

Results shall be recorded in an appendix to the material certificate.

The measurement shall be made by ultrasonic or any mechanical measuring devices with an accuracy in accordance with indicated design tolerances.

7.1.12    Wall thickness tolerances

The casting manufacturer shall determine on a regular basis the wall thickness tolerance.

The wall thickness tolerance shall be given in accordance with ISO 8062-3:2003.

The casting tolerance grade to be applied depends on the casting process. The casting manufacturer shall prove its capability to meet the agreed tolerances.

7.1.13    Other dimensions

A full dimensional examination shall be made on the initial samples.

During series production, relevant dimensions shall be inspected on a regular basis to guarantee conformity to the drawing.

7.1.14    Qualification of testing personnel

The personnel carrying out testing shall be qualified as indicated in EN 13445-5:2009.

7.2 Final assessment

7.2.1 General

Final assessment shall be carried out according to EN 13445-5:2009, Clause 10, except for the standard hydraulic test pressure.

7.2.2 Hydraulic test pressure

All pressure bearing spheroidal graphite cast iron parts shall be hydraulically tested with a test pressure, greater or equal to:

(7.2-1)

143^

Ct-Co

18

СТБ EN 13445-6-2009

1 Scope

This European Standard specifies requirements for the design, materials, manufacturing and testing of pressure vessels and pressure vessel parts intended for use with a maximum allowable pressure, PS, equal or less than 100 bar and shell wall thicknesses not exceeding 60 mm, which are constructed of ferritic or austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron. The thickness limitation of the shell does not apply to thickness of flanges, reinforcements, bosses etc.

The allowable grades do not include lamellar graphite cast iron grades for ferritic and austenitic grades, which are explicitly excluded from this European Standard because of low elongation and brittle material behaviour, which requires the use of different safety factors and a different approach.

NOTE 1 Austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron grades are principally used for high and low temperature applications and for their corrosion resistance properties.

NOTE 2 The allowable grades of spheroidal graphite cast iron are listed in Tables 3 and 4. Service conditions are given in Clause 4.

2 Normative references

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

EN 764-2:2002, Pressure equipment — Part 2: Quantities, symbols and units.

EN 764-5:2002, Pressure equipment — Part 5: Compliance and inspection documentation of materials.

EN 837-1:1996, Pressure gauges — Part 1: Bourdon tube pressure gauges — Dimensions, metrology, requirements and testing.

EN 837-3:1996, Pressure gauges — Part 3: Diaphragm and capsule pressure gauges — Dimensions, metrology, requirements and testing.

EN 1369:1996, Founding— Magnetic particle inspection.

EN 1370:1996, Founding — Surface roughness inspection by visual tactile comparators.

EN 1371-1:1997, Founding— Liquid penetrant inspection— Part 1: Sand, gravity die and low pressure die castings.

EN 1559-1:1997, Founding — Technical conditions of delivery — Part 1: General.

EN 1559-3:1997, Founding — Technical conditions of delivery— Part3: Additional requirements for iron castings. EN 1563:1997, EN 1563:1997/A1:2002, EN 1563:1997/A2:2005, Founding — Spheroidal graphite cast irons.

EN 12680-3:2003, Founding — Ultrasonic examination — Part 3: Spheroidal graphite cast iron castings.

EN 12681:2003, Founding — Radiographic examination.

EN 13445-1:2009, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 1: General.

EN 13445-3:2009, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 3: Design.

EN 13445-5:2009, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 5: Inspection and testing.

EN 13835:2002, EN 13835/A1:2006, Founding — Austenitic cast irons.

EN ISO 945:1994, Cast iron — Designation of microstructure of graphite (ISO 945:1975).

EN ISO 8062-1:2007, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Dimensional and geometrical tolerances for moulded parts — Part 1: Vocabulary (ISO 8062-1:2007).

EN ISO 8062-3:2007, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Dimensional and geometrical tolerances for moulded parts — Part 3: General dimensional and geometrical tolerances and machining allowances for castings (ISO 8062-3:2007).

3 Terms, definitions, units and symbols

3.1    Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this European Standard, the following terms and definitions apply.

3.1.1

Ul I LIU Cl I £.\Jl 1C

highly stressed area where a fracture is expected to occur in a burst test or where surface fatigue cracks are expected to be initiated due to fluctuating pressure loads

NOTE 1 Critical zones may occur, for example, by any of the following:

—    sudden change in cross section;

—    sharp edges;

— sharp radii;

1 — peak stresses;

■    — bending stresses;

I

—    stresses due to other than membrane stress;

1 — changes in curvature.

' NOTE 2 A critical zone is analysed by any appropriate method, e.g. holographic, interferometric, strain gauge methods, burst

■    test, fatigue testing, FEM analysis etc.

NOTE 3 Additionally, thermal gradients and thermal stresses due to different operating wall temperatures need to be considered in defining critical zones.

3.1.2

purchaser

, individual or organisation that buys pressure equipment, including assemblies or parts, for its own use or on behalf of the user and/or operator

3.1.3

: manufacturer

individual or organisation responsible for the design, fabrication, testing, inspection, installation of pressure equipment and assemblies where relevant

NOTE 1    The manufacturer may subcontract one or more of the above mentioned tasks under its responsibility.

NOTE 2    In EU member states the manufacturer is responsible for compliance with the Pressure Equipment Directive

97/23/EC. For those manufacturers outside of the EU their authorized representative inside the EU assumes this responsibility.

СТБ EN 13445-6-2009

3.1.4

casting manufacturer

subcontractor that produces the castings used in the manufacture of pressure equipment

3.1.5

testing factor

A reduction factor applied to the nominal design stress to take account of possible manufacturing deficiencies

3.1.6

temperature factor

A reduction factor applied to the 0,2 % proof strength to take account of temperature influence

3.1.7

wall thickness factor

a reduction factor applied to the nominal design stress to take account of reduced mechanical properties

3.1.8

ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron

cast material, iron and carbon based (carbon being present mainly in the form of spheroidal graphite particles) with a predominantly ferritic matrix

3.1.9

austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron

cast material with an austenitic matrix which is iron and carbon based and alloyed with nickel and manganese, copper and/or chromium in order to stabilize the austenitic structure at room temperature

3.2    Units

For the purposes of this European Standard, the units given in EN 764-2:2002 apply.

3.3    Symbols

Symbols used in this European Standard are listed in Table 3.3-1.

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СТБ EN 13445-6-2009

Table 3.3-1 —Symbols

Symbol

Quantity

Unit

c

Corrosion allowance

mm

e

Required thickness

mm

Analysis thickness

mm

©act

Actual thickness

mm

^min

Minimum thickness as specified on drawing

mm

E

Modulus of elasticity

MPa

f

Nominal design stress

MPa

F

Fatigue factor related to 99,8 % survival

_

^b,act

Actual burst test pressure

MPa3

Pb

Minimum required bursting pressure

MPa a

Pd

Design pressure

MPa a

PS, Ps

Maximum allowable pressure

MPa a

PT, Pt

Test pressure

MPa a

RM

Material strength parameter

MPa

P p0,2

0,2 %-proof strength

MPa

Pm

Tensile strength

MPa

P m(3)

Average tensile strength of 3 test bars taken from the same lot or heat

MPa

"7"Smjn , "7"^тах

Minimum / maximum allowable temperature

°C

T

Calculation temperature

°C

V

Volume

L

Ce

Wall thickness factor

_

Ct

Temperature factor

_

Cq

Testing factor

_

n

Factor depending on shape of shell

_

fe

Thickness correction factor

_

fm

Mean stress correction factor

_

fs

Surface finish correction factor

_

s

Safety factor

_

XR

Partial safety factor

_

s

Casting tolerance

mm

£

Extra thickness due to casting process

mm

V

Poisson’s ratio

_

a MPa for calculation purpose only, otherwise the unit be bar (1 MPa = 10 bar)

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СТБ EN 13445-6-2009

3.4 Inter-relation of thicknesses definitions

i

к

i

S

r

к

I

1

к J

c

r

i

i

к i

©a

i

e

r

©min

©act

_h.

r 1

r

Key

e is the required thickness

л    it- +Кл    4к>!/'1^1ллгг

C7g IO LI 1C a I laiyoio LIIICIMICOO

emin is the minimum thickness including corrosion allowance as indicated on drawings eaGt is the actual thickness c is the corrosion allowance e is the extra thickness due to casting process S is the casting tolerance

Figure 3.4-1 — Inter-relation of thicknesses definitions

4 Service conditions

4.1 Cyclic loading

Spheroidal graphite cast iron pressure vessels and vessel parts can be used for cyclic operation if the stress factor is limited to 3. If the calculated number of cycles is close to a limit number of cycles mentioned in Table 4.1-1 below to determine the need for fatigue analysis, a worst-case model shall be implemented for this determination.

If it is expected that under service conditions the maximum number of full pressure cycles will exceed the limit number according to Table 4.1-1, or exceeds more than the equivalent number of cycles with smaller amplitude, then a fatigue analysis shall be performed according to Annex D.

5

Table 4.1-1 — Number of full pressure cycles for cyclic loading consideration


Testing factor


Maximum number of full pressure cycles without mandatory fatigue analysis according to Annex D


CQ = 0,9


1 000


CQ = 0,8


40 000


if 2,5 < stress factor < 3


200 000


If stress factor < 2,5


NOTE 1 A testing factor of 0,9 implies the application of higher nominal design stresses and consequently results in a lower maximum number of full pressure cycles without mandatory fatigue analysis.

NOTE 2 A stress factor (ratio of peak stress to fatigue stress) of more than 3, determined by any of the design methods given in 5.2 can be the result of inappropriate design. By enlarging radii or other small changes, an acceptable design may be generated.

For pressure cycles at a pressure difference APl less than the full pressure, the number of equivalent full cycles is given by Equation (4.1-1):



(4.1-1)


where

N is the total number of envisaged types of pressure cycles with different amplitude; n, is the number of cycles of amplitude ДР;

ДР, is the pressure cycle amplitude;

Pmax is the maximum permissible pressure, as defined in 3.15 of EN 13445-3:2009.

4.2 Limitations on temperature and energy content

The minimum and maximum allowable temperatures TSmin and TSmax shall be in accordance with the limits given in Tables 5.1-1 and 5.1-2.

The product PS V for a single casting shall not exceed 100 000 bar-L.

5 Requirements 5.1 Materials

All cast iron grades subject to internal or external pressure shall comply with EN 1563 for ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron and EN 13835 for austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron.

The ferritic material grades given in Table 5.1-1 shall be used for applications where the minimum allowable temperature is higher or equal to - 10 °C.

The material grades listed in Table 5.1-2 are intended for low temperature or high temperature design conditions.


6


СТБ EN 13445-6-2009


Table 5.1-1 —Allowable material grades for usual design temperatures (-10 °C up to 300 °C)

Material standard

Material de

Symbol

signation b

Number

Design temperature limits

DC

EN-GJS-350-22

EN-JS1010

-10 <TS< 300

EN-GJS-350-22-RT

EN-JS1014

-10 <TS< 300

EN-GJS-350-22 U 3

EN-JS1032

-10 <TS< 300

EN 1563

EN-GJS-350-22U-RT a

EN-JS1029

-10 <TS< 300

EN-GJS-400-18

EN-JS1020

-10 <TS< 300

EN-GJS-400-18-RT

EN-JS1024

-10 <TS< 300

EN-GJS-400-18U 3

EN-JS1062

-10 <TS< 300

EN-GJS-400-18U-RT3

EN-JS1059

-10 <TS< 300

3 Mechanical properties verified on test pieces from cast-on samples. These grades should be chosen in preference to the material grades with the separately cast samples when the unit mass of the casting is equal to or greater than 2 000 kg or when the relevant wall thickness varies between 30 mm and 200 mm.


The material grades listed in Table 5.1-1 and Table 5.1-2 may be produced in the as-cast or heat treated condition (see EN 1563:1997, Clause

6)-

b When materials specified in these tables are not available, other suitable materials may be used when the technical documentation defining the characteristics of the materials has been accepted in accordance with the requirements for European approval for materials (EAM) or particular material appraisal (PMA).


Table 5.1-2 — Allowable material grades for low or high temperature design conditions

Material standard

Material designation b

Design temperature limits °C

Symbol

Number

EN 1563

EN-GJS-350-22-LT

EN-JS1015

-40 < TS < 300

EN-GJS-350-22U-LT a

EN-JS1019

-40 < TS < 300

EN-GJS-400-18-LT

EN-JS1025

-20 < TS < 300

EN-GJS-400-18U-LT3

EN-JS1049

-20 < TS < 300

EN 13835

EN-GJSA-XNiMn23-4

EN-JS3021

-196 <TS< 300

EN-GJSA-XNi22

EN-JS3041

-40 < TS < 540

EN-GJSA-XNiMnl 3-7

EN-JS3071

-40 < TS < 300

3 Mechanical properties verified on test pieces from cast-on samples. These grades should be chosen in preference to the material grades with the separately cast samples when the unit mass of the casting is equal to or greater than 2 000 kg or when the relevant wall thickness varies between 30 mm and 200 mm.


The material grades listed in Table 5.1-1 and Table 5.1-2 may be produced in the as-cast or heat treated condition (see EN 1563:1997, Clause 6 and EN 13835:2002, Clause 6).

b When materials specified in these tables are not available, other suitable materials may be used when the technical documentation defining the characteristics of the materials has been accepted in accordance with the requirements for European approval for materials (EAM) or particular material appraisal (PMA).


7